The main topic of this work are transposition ciphers. They are used to encrypt or decrypt data. The idea of transposition cipher is to keep the elements of the plaintext unchanged, but to change their mutual position. In the first part of the work, basic terms such as cryptology, cryptography and cryptoanalysis have been defined and the encryption and decryption process is explained. After the formal definition of the transposition cipher, an example of scytale the first transposition encryption device is also mentioned. Then we said something about permutation ciphers, one of the types of transposition ciphers. The second part of the work deals with the columnar transposition cipher, the most usable transposition cipher. It is one of the most popular ciphers because of its simplicity and high level of security. Myszkowski transposition cipher is also mentioned, which is one form of a columnar transposition cipher. For each cipher, examples of encryption and decryption and appropriate solutions are given. In addition to these, there is also a Rail-fence cipher, where the plaintext is entered on the concealed fences until the edge of fence and the Twisted path cipher which is actually elaboration of the Rail-fence cipher. The third part of the work was devoted to the method of transposition ciphers based on the use of a grid that is mostly square. In addition to Cardan’s rotary grid, we also have grid with randomly selected openings and the Trellis cipher. Finally, there is also a fractionation process in which each letter of the plaintext is encrypted with several symbols. There is the most famous Polybius square. Ciphers used by the transposition and fractionation combination, such as the ADFGVX cipher, Bifid and Trifid cipher, are also described.